python計算機製作

 

製作計算機的小心得

最近我花了一點時間，用 Python 做了一個小型的計算機程式。這算是我第一次用到 Tkinter 這個套件，主要是想練習圖形介面（GUI）的製作，也讓自己從純文字輸出進一步嘗試互動操作。

Tkinter 是 Python 內建的 GUI 工具，不需要額外安裝就能使用。它提供了像是 Button、Label、Entry 這些元件，可以讓使用者輸入數字、按下按鈕後看到結果。我覺得它的邏輯其實蠻直覺的，只是排版的部分要多試幾次才會順眼。

我的程式裡除了基本的加減乘除之外，我還加上了一些進階功能，像是質因數分解、因數列出、階乘等等。這些功能主要是練習數學運算的邏輯，像質因數分解就要用迴圈和條件判斷，階乘則可以用遞迴或是簡單的乘法累加來實作。

整個過程裡我學到最多的，其實不是數學公式，而是介面設計的邏輯。要讓使用者輸入、再顯示結果，看似簡單，但要讓整體運作流暢、畫面整潔，就需要一點結構規劃。雖然 Tkinter 不算華麗，但對初學者來說很夠用。

最後這次的作品讓我更熟悉了 Python 的基礎，也對 GUI 的概念有了實際體驗。下一步我可能會想試試看用 Flask 或 HTML 版本的計算機，看看能不能做成網頁版的。

這是我的程式：

import tkinter as tk

from tkinter import font

from functools import partial

# ----------------- 運算函數 -----------------

def gcd(a, b):

a, b = abs(a), abs(b)

while b != 0:

a, b = b, a % b

return a

def lcm(a, b):

return abs(a * b) // gcd(a, b)

def square(a, b):

return a ** b

def factorize(n):

n_abs = abs(n)

if n_abs == 0:

return [(0, 1)]

res = []

count = 0

while n_abs % 2 == 0:

n_abs //= 2

count += 1

if count > 0:

res.append((2, count))

d = 3

while d*d <= n_abs:

count = 0

while n_abs % d == 0:

n_abs //= d

count += 1

if count > 0:

res.append((d, count))

d += 2

if n_abs > 1:

res.append((n_abs, 1))

return res

def level(n):

a = 1

n = int(n)

for i in range(1, n+1):

a = a * i

return a

def factors(n):

factors = []

n = 0

for i in range(1, n+1):

if n % i == 0:

factors.append(i)

n = n + 1

return factors

def how_many_factors(n):

len(factors(n))

# ----------------- 事件函數 -----------------

def run_op(op):

try:

a = float(entryA.get())

b = float(entryB.get())

except ValueError:

result_var.set("請輸入有效數字")

return

try:

if op == "add":

res = a + b

elif op == "sub":

res = a - b

elif op == "mul":

res = a * b

elif op == "div":

res = a / b

elif op == "mod":

res = a % b

result_var.set(f"結果：{res}")

except ZeroDivisionError:

result_var.set("除以零錯誤")

def run_gcd():

try:

a = int(entryA.get())

b = int(entryB.get())

result_var.set(f"GCD({a},{b}) = {gcd(a,b)}")

except ValueError:

result_var.set("請輸入有效整數")

def run_lcm():

try:

a = int(entryA.get())

b = int(entryB.get())

result_var.set(f"LCM({a},{b}) = {lcm(a,b)}")

except ValueError:

result_var.set("請輸入有效整數")

def run_square():

try:

a = int(entryA.get())

b = int(entryB.get())

result_var.set(f"{a}^{b} = {square(a,b)}")

except ValueError:

result_var.set("請輸入有效整數")

def run_factor():

try:

n = int(single_entry.get())

except ValueError:

pf_result_var.set("僅接受整數")

return

if n == 0:

pf_result_var.set("0 無質因數")

return

if n in (1, -1):

pf_result_var.set(f"{n} 無質因數")

return

factors = factorize(n)

parts = [f"{p}^{e}" if e>1 else str(p) for p, e in factors]

sign = '-' if n < 0 else ''

pf_result_var.set(f"{n} = {sign}{' × '.join(parts)}")

def run_factors():

try:

n = int(single_entry.get())

except ValueError:

pf_result_var.set("僅接受整數")

return

if n == 0:

pf_result_var.set("0 的因數無意義")

return

factors_list = [i for i in range(1, abs(n)+1) if n % i == 0]

pf_result_var.set(f"{n} 的因數：{factors_list}")

def run_factors_count():

try:

n = int(single_entry.get())

except ValueError:

pf_result_var.set("僅接受整數")

return

if n == 0:

pf_result_var.set("0 的因數個數無意義")

return

count = len([i for i in range(1, abs(n)+1) if n % i == 0])

pf_result_var.set(f"{n} 的因數個數：{count}")

def run_factorial():

try:

n = int(single_entry.get())

except ValueError:

pf_result_var.set("僅接受整數")

return

if n < 0:

pf_result_var.set("階乘僅接受非負整數")

return

res = 1

for i in range(1, n+1):

res *= i

pf_result_var.set(f"{n}! = {res}")

# ----------------- 輸入框事件 -----------------

def on_entry_click(event, placeholder):

if event.widget.get() == placeholder:

event.widget.delete(0, "end")

event.widget.config(fg="white", highlightbackground="#1e88e5")

def on_focus_out(event, placeholder):

if event.widget.get() == "":

event.widget.insert(0, placeholder)

event.widget.config(fg="#888", highlightbackground="#444")

# ----------------- 模擬按鈕 -----------------

def create_btn(frame, text, command, width, height=30, radius=10,

bg="#0d47a1", fg="white", hover="#1976d2"):

c = tk.Canvas(frame, width=width, height=height, bg=frame["bg"], highlightthickness=0)

def draw(color):

c.delete("all")

c.create_arc(0, 0, 2*radius, 2*radius, start=90, extent=90, fill=color, outline=color)

c.create_arc(width-2*radius, 0, width, 2*radius, start=0, extent=90, fill=color, outline=color)

c.create_arc(0, height-2*radius, 2*radius, height, start=180, extent=90, fill=color, outline=color)

c.create_arc(width-2*radius, height-2*radius, width, height, start=270, extent=90, fill=color, outline=color)

c.create_rectangle(radius, 0, width-radius, height, fill=color, outline=color)

c.create_rectangle(0, radius, width, height-radius, fill=color, outline=color)

c.create_text(width//2, height//2, text=text, fill=fg, font=font_btn)

draw(bg)

c.bind("<Enter>", lambda e: draw(hover))

c.bind("<Leave>", lambda e: draw(bg))

c.bind("<Button-1>", lambda e: command())

c.pack(side="left", padx=3, pady=3, expand=True, fill="x")

return c

# ----------------- Tkinter GUI -----------------

root = tk.Tk()

root.title("高級計算機")

root.configure(bg="#0b1020")

root.geometry("480x440")

# 字型設定

font_title = font.Font(family="Segoe UI", size=16, weight="bold")

font_entry = font.Font(family="Segoe UI", size=12)

font_btn = font.Font(family="Segoe UI", size=12, weight="bold")

font_result = font.Font(family="Consolas", size=12)

# Container Frame

container = tk.Frame(root, bg="#0f1724", padx=20, pady=20)

container.pack(expand=True, fill="both", padx=20, pady=20)

# 標題

tk.Label(container, text="高級計算機", font=font_title, fg="#e8eef6", bg="#0f1724").pack(pady=10)

# 輸入框

placeholderA = "輸入數字 A"

entryA = tk.Entry(container, font=font_entry, fg="#888", bg="#0b1020", insertbackground="white",

highlightthickness=2, highlightbackground="#444", relief="flat")

entryA.pack(fill="x", pady=5)

entryA.insert(0, placeholderA)

entryA.bind("<FocusIn>", lambda e: on_entry_click(e, placeholderA))

entryA.bind("<FocusOut>", lambda e: on_focus_out(e, placeholderA))

placeholderB = "輸入數字 B"

entryB = tk.Entry(container, font=font_entry, fg="#888", bg="#0b1020", insertbackground="white",

highlightthickness=2, highlightbackground="#444", relief="flat")

entryB.pack(fill="x", pady=5)

entryB.insert(0, placeholderB)

entryB.bind("<FocusIn>", lambda e: on_entry_click(e, placeholderB))

entryB.bind("<FocusOut>", lambda e: on_focus_out(e, placeholderB))

# 第一列：四則運算

frame_ops1 = tk.Frame(container, bg="#0f1724")

frame_ops1.pack(pady=5, fill="x")

create_btn(frame_ops1, "A + B", lambda: run_op("add"),85)

create_btn(frame_ops1, "A - B", lambda: run_op("sub"),85)

create_btn(frame_ops1, "A x B", lambda: run_op("mul"),85)

create_btn(frame_ops1, "A ÷ B", lambda: run_op("div"),85)

# 第二列：mod / GCD / LCM

frame_ops2 = tk.Frame(container, bg="#0f1724")

frame_ops2.pack(pady=5, fill="x")

create_btn(frame_ops2, "A mod B", lambda: run_op("mod"),85)

create_btn(frame_ops2, "GCD(A,B)", run_gcd,85)

create_btn(frame_ops2, "LCM(A,B)", run_lcm,85)

create_btn(frame_ops2, "A ^ b", run_square,85)

# 結果顯示

result_var = tk.StringVar(value="尚無運算")

tk.Label(container, textvariable=result_var, font=font_result, fg="#dff1ff", bg="#0f1724",

anchor="w", justify="left", height=2).pack(fill="x", pady=5)

# 質因數分解

placeholderPf = "輸入數字C"

single_entry = tk.Entry(container, font=font_entry, fg="#888", bg="#0b1020", insertbackground="white",

highlightthickness=2, highlightbackground="#444", relief="flat")

single_entry.pack(fill="x", pady=5)

single_entry.insert(0, placeholderPf)

single_entry.bind("<FocusIn>", lambda e: on_entry_click(e, placeholderPf))

single_entry.bind("<FocusOut>", lambda e: on_focus_out(e, placeholderPf))

# 質因數分解按鈕

frame_pf = tk.Frame(container, bg="#0f1724")

frame_pf.pack(pady=5, fill="x")

create_btn(frame_pf, "質因數分解", run_factor, 85)

create_btn(frame_pf, "因數", run_factors, 85)

create_btn(frame_pf, "因數個數", run_factors_count, 85)

create_btn(frame_pf, "階乘", run_factorial, 85)

# 顯示質因數分解結果

pf_result_var = tk.StringVar(value="（尚無結果）")

tk.Label(container, textvariable=pf_result_var, font=font_result, fg="#dff1ff", bg="#0f1724",

anchor="w", justify="left", height=2).pack(fill="x", pady=5)

# 啟動 GUI

root.mainloop()